(3 Units) Fundamental theories and practices involved in the process of
relief printmaking and monotypes. Emphasis on materials,
techniques, tools, and craftsmanship.May be repeated for a total of 6 units.Prerequisites: ART 1020 and 1100.
(3 Units) Creative and technical investigation of intaglio printmaking.
Exploration of major techniques of the etched plate; hard and soft
grounds, aquatint and open-biting, engraving, multiple-plate color
and photo-mechanical applications. Emphasis on the development of
pertinent graphic images and the mastery of process and craft.May be repeated for a total of 6 units.Prerequisites: ART 1010, 1020, and 1100.
(4 Units) Development of graphic images based on lithographic techniques and
processes. Emphasis on the unique qualities of the lithographic
print, including color.May be repeated for advanced work.Prerequisites: ART 1020 and 1100.
(4 Units) Fundamental theories and practices involved in silk-screen
printing. Exploration of water-based screenprinting processes using
paper stencil, screen filler, crayon resist, stencil film, and
photo-mechanical techniques.May be repeated for a total of 8 units.Prerequisites: ART 1020 and 1100.
(4 Units) An exploration of the major techniques of intaglio color
printmaking. Multiple plate, color-drop, and simultaneous viscosity
color processes will be covered with emphasis on development of
graphic images.Prerequisites: ART 1020 and 1100.
(4 Units) Creative and aesthetic investigation of mono-prints from direct
techniques to complete manipulation of the matrix. Includes
problems in black and white and in color.
(4 Units) Creative and aesthetic problems in color lithography. The nature
and function of color as a medium and visual properties. The
history of chrome lithography with an emphasis on the 20th century.
(3 Units) Introduction to painting and drawing practices that stimulate
imaginative reverie and access to unconscious material through
experimentation with processes of automatic mark-making and
creative visualization.(Formerly Painting from Imagination)Prerequisites: ART 1010 and ART 1100.
(3 Units) Further development of automatic creative processes with an
emphasis on interpretation using a range of theoretical models.Prerequisites: ART 1010, ART 1100, and ART 3210.
(3 Units) Aimed at preparing the advanced student for the future challenges
of independent studio work by using the semester as a model
experience of long-term artistic development. Students will become
familiar with the nature of the creative process itself by starting
with individual aesthetic interests and judgments as a basis for
evolving toward unique expressive forms and artistic style.Prerequisites: ART 3200 and 3210.
(4 Units) Study of the human form from direct observation of the studio model
and in terms of the convergence of appearances and pictorial form.(Formerly ART 3232 Painting the Human Form)Prerequisites: ART 3200.
ART 3300 - Multimedia: Assemblages and Construction
(3 Units) Working in a variety of media on an intermediate sculpture level,
traditional and contemporary concepts will be explored, including
installation and site-specific 3-D composition.(Formerly ART 3311. Multimedia: Assemblages and Construction; Modeling)Prerequisites: ART 1200.
(3 Units) Development of sculpture through the subtractive process.
Emphasizes concept development, tools and techniques of stone or
wood carving.(Formerly ART 3321)Prerequisites: ART 1200.
(4 Units) Techniques of both lost-wax and sand casting will be used to translate sculpture ideas and processes into metal.Lab time required.(Formerly Foundry)Prerequisites: ART 1200; 2-3 sculptures suitable for casting.
(3 Units) Assignments are geared to the imaginative use of the figure. Figure
study will precede interpretive work. The purpose is to engage
students in a fresh analysis of the figure as a spatial yet
personal statement.(Formerly ART 3301)Prerequisites: ART 1200.
(3 Units) Intermediate and/or advanced concepts and techniques in hand-built
ceramics. Individualized course content according to student’s
needs.(Formerly Advanced Ceramics)Prerequisites: ART 1200.
(3 Units) Students will explore the concepts, methods, and materials
associated with sculpture fabrication with particular emphasis on
contemporary sculptural materials and techniques.Prerequisites: ART 1200.
(3 Units) Exploration will focus on the context (environment and a sense of
place) as a major component of sculptural practice in both form and
content.Prerequisites: ART 1200.
(3 Units) Class offers a collaborative experience between students in
developing public sculptural solutions. Development of principles
and skills utilized during the preparation of public proposals.Prerequisites: ART 1200.
(3 Units) Studio course in graphic design which includes an introduction to
design concepts, processes, methodology, communication theory, and
visual problem solving.Prerequisites: ART 1040.
(3 Units) Studio course in creating web sites which also investigates theory, history, and design principles of web based communication. Examines the conventions, strategies, and aesthetics employed by artists and developers in the creation of web-based environments.May be repeated.Prerequisites: ART 1040.
(3 Units) Studio course in the study and manipulation of typographic
communications. Students will explore and develop skills in
composition and type design, layout, and spacing with appropriate
use of different fonts.
(3 Units) Studio course in illustration leading to the development of
individual voice. Emphasis on innovation and conceptual thinking
through varied illustrative media and techniques.Prerequisites: ART 1040.
(3 Units) The imaginative combining of text and image and the exploration of
their interplay from technical conceptual and aesthetic/design
aspects. Digital and hands-on exploration of fonts and images.Prerequisites: ART 1010 or 3030, and ART 2520 or consent of instructor.
ART 3615 - Consumer Objects: Mold Making and Casting
(3 Units) Students are offered the opportunity to examine the concerns and
issues associated with consumer objects. Working with what they
have discovered, the students will create sculptures through the
processes of mold making and casting.Prerequisites: ART 1200.
ART 3620 - The Moving Image — Video and Film Making
(3 Units) Exploration of video and film as moving picture media for
documentation, communication, education, entertainment, and
artistic expression. Training in video and film technology, camera
mechanics, composition, lighting, storyboarding, editing, sound,
and visual aesthetics.Prerequisites: ART 1010 or 3030, and ART 2520 or consent of instructor.
(3 Units) Course will develop the student’s ability to use still photography
(both digital and analog). Study will focus on historical and
contemporary photographic representation of Urban Environment,
Portraiture, and Landscape.Prerequisites: ART 1010 or ART 3030, and ART 2520 or consent of instructor.
(3 Units) Studio course investigating historical and contemporary
photographic representation. Course will develop compositional and
conceptual image acquisition skills and the ability to acquire,
manipulate, and print high quality digital color photographs.Prerequisites: ART 1040.
(3 Units) Studio course investigating historical and contemporary
photographic representation. Course will develop compositional and
conceptual image acquisition skills and the ability to process and
print analog black and white photographs.Prerequisites: ART 3630.
(3 Units) Course offers the student the opportunity to create computer-based
artwork which includes digital image creation, animation, video and
sound integration, non-linear environments, and computer mediated
delivery content.(Formerly Electronic Art and Design)Prerequisites: ART 1040.
ART 3820 - A Visual Approach to Learning and Teaching
(3 Units) Studio lecture class which explores connections between visual art
and at least two other disciplines. Typical examples include art,
biology, physics, mathematics, history, literature.Designed specifically for future teachers. (LIBS Integrative: Artistic Inquiry)
(3 Units) Direct experience in creating artistic projects from studies of our
ecology, readings, and discussions about issues of art and ecology,
field trips, individual and group projects.Designed specifically for future teachers. (LIBS Integrative: Artistic Inquiry)
(3 Units) To impart knowledge of the California missions as an integrated,
multi-discipline based manner. Examines the art and architecture of
the mission in its cultural, sociological, economic, and political
context.Designed specifically for future teachers. (LIBS Integrative: Artistic Inquiry)
(3 Units) Looks at the creative spirit manifested in the conceptualization of
making art. The universality of this creative impulse will be
examined, examples will be studied from many cultures and periods.
Provides hands-on experience to the student.Designed specifically for future teachers. (LIBS Integrative: Artistic Inquiry)
(3 Units) The art of children, primitives, and the insane as an influence on
Modern Art. Exploration of formal and ideological issues in
outsider art (especially child art) and its influence on Modern
Art. Includes lectures, discussions, and studio projects.Designed specifically for future teachers. (LIBS Integrative: Artistic Inquiry)
(3 Units) Further development of perceptual, interpretive, and associative
creative processes using a range of artistic models.(Formerly Advanced Painting)Prerequisites: ART 3200.
(4 Units) Studio work with painting and multimedia that engages students’
individual artistic interests in ways that parallel the dramatic
stylistic development of 19th and 20th century modern art. Studio
exploration of the deeper meanings and methods of modern masters.(Formerly ART 4250 Abstract Painting and Composition)Prerequisites: ART 3000.
(3 Units) Theoretical investigation of new art media such as
digital/electronic technology and new approaches including
performance, installation, and site-specific works.Focus on content concerned with societal issues and values.
(3 Units) Examination of theories of creativity including cognitive,
psychological, and physiological development. The roles of
intuition, invention, and insight; processes to encourage and
enhance creativity.Prerequisites: Junior standing.
(4 Units) For advanced studio art majors, this course involves immersion in
studio practice and encourages cross-disciplinary opportunities.
Emphasizes development of individual expression.Prerequisites: Upper-division standing in art, matriculation to the BFA program, or consent of instructor.
(3 Units) Architecture, sculpture, and painting of the Classical World including Aegean Art prior to the Golden age of Greece and Græco-Roman Art from the fifth century up to 400 A.D.Prerequisites: ART 2515.
(3 Units) The architecture, sculpture, painting, and minor arts of Medieval
Western Europe encompassing the Pre-Romanesque, Romanesque, and
Gothic periods.Prerequisites: ART 2515.
(3 Units) Painting, sculpture, and architecture of the 15th and 16th
centuries in Italy. Emphasis is placed on understanding
masterpieces of this period in their historical, aesthetic, and
cultural contexts.Prerequisites: ART 2520.
(3 Units) Painting, sculpture, and architecture in Europe in the 17th and
18th centuries. Major artists from Italy and Northern Europe
include Bernini, Caravaggio, Rubens, Rembrandt, and Vermeer.Prerequisites: ART 2520.
(3 Units) A study of the major trends and artists from Neo-Classicism up to
Impressionism. An investigation of the relationship of artists and
movements to the cultural and intellectual milieu.Prerequisites: ART 2520.
(3 Units) An analysis and interpretation of the major artistic movements from
1870-1945. Emphasis on the changing aesthetic, theoretical, and
artistic approaches of this period.Satisfies G.E. area F2.Prerequisites: ART 2520 and 2530 or consent of instructor.
(3 Units) Analysis and interpretation of major conceptual and expressive
issues raised by individual artists and groups of artists during
the post modern era to the present.(Formerly Art Since 1945; Formerly Contemporary Art)Prerequisites: ART 2520 or ART 2522.
(3 Units) A study of American art from colonial times to 1945. American art
is seen against its broad historical and cultural background.Satisfies G.E. area F2.Prerequisites: ART 2520 and 2530.
(3 Units) Traditional sub-Saharan African Art. Emphasis is placed on seeing
African Art as part of the broad cultural context involving such
issues as philosophical, mythological and aesthetic concepts,
religious beliefs, and the functioning ritual context of all forms
of African Art.Prerequisites: ART 2525 and 2530.
(3 Units) Basic knowledge and skills requisite to advanced study of Art
History research methodology, writing and publication, survey of
graduate education in the United States, and discussion of broad
aesthetic and art historical issues.Satisfies upper-division writing proficiency requirement.Prerequisites: Completion of the Writing Proficiency Screening Test with a passing score; senior standing.
(1-3 Units) Provides students with basic knowledge of the theories and methods of managing a slide library. These include: general knowledge of library methods and practices, cataloging and coding, filing and retrieval procedures, as well as photo-duplication processes.May be repeated for a total of six units.Prerequisites: Lower-division Art Appreciation or Art History Survey.
ART 4580 - Exhibition Design and Gallery Management
(1 Unit) Experience hanging exhibitions and day-to-day operations in the University Art Gallery. Instruction in proper handling of artwork, presentation research, and publication of art related materials. Museum visits and reading about history and the operation of museums.(Formerly Museum and Gallery Management)Prerequisites: Art major or minor.
(3 Units) The role of visual arts in education: aesthetics, historical/current theory, multi-faceted curricular approaches. Developmental stages from preschool through adolescence, focusing on middle and high school. Lesson plan design consistent with state standards.
(3 Units) Covers diverse “low-tech” crafts from a variety of cultures
including textiles, stained glass, glass painting, papermaking, and
jewelry. Satisfies craft and jewelry requirement for Art Subject
Matter Preparation Program.Designed specifically for teachers. (LIBS Integrative: Artistic Inquiry)
(2-4 Units) Provides an opportunity to acquire relevant, practical experience in supervised paid employment within the discipline. Students are placed in private or public sector positions under the supervision of the employer and departmental Co-op coordinator.May be repeated for a total of 6 units.Prerequisites: Sophomore standing; consent of departmental coordinator.
(3 Units) Direct introduction to art-making processes through diverse forms
of exposure including field trips, visiting artists’ lectures,
workshops, and studio visits.May be repeated for a total of 6 units.Prerequisites: Art Major with upper-division standing or consent of instructor.
(3 Units) Preparation for the BFA student for professional careers in Art. Emphasis on “practicum”—resumes, artists’ statement, portfolio/slide preparation. Instruction in artwork conservation, museum and gallery methods, and creation and mounting of exhibitions.
(4 Units) An internship course to acquaint the student with a blend of
research skills and practical information fundamental in operating
a museum or an art gallery. Experience in commercial
galleries/museums can be arranged for advanced students.Prerequisites: Art major with upper-division standing or consent of instructor.
(1-5 Units) Development of a selected topic in art.(Topics to be specified in Class Schedule) Topics will vary. Different topics may be taken for credit.
(4 Units) Study of issues confronting the contemporary artist through an
examination of art criticism and theory. Satisfies upper-division
writing proficiency requirement and involves essay assignments.Prerequisites: Completion of the Writing Proficiency Screening Test with a passing score; senior standing.
ART 4965 - Bachelor of Fine Arts Critical Concepts
(1 Unit) Discussion and criticism of studio art activity for BFA Degree
Program students.May be repeated for a total of 3 units.Prerequisites: Matriculation to Art Department BFA Program.
(3 Units) Capstone BFA studio/seminar course to engage students in
experimentation and innovation in ways that build on and go beyond
the boundaries of media.(Formerly Innovation and Media)
(1-4 Units) For the student capable of independent specialized work in studio and/or history and criticism. Students would normally be senior art majors with one year of study in the department. A written outline of the proposed independent study must be submitted and approved by the instructor under whom the student wishes to work.May be repeated for a total of 6 units.Prerequisites: Consent of instructor.
(3 Units) Development of astronomical thought from Ptolemy to Einstein; the
Earth and the moon; atoms; light and the tools of astronomers;
planets, comets, and meteors; the sun, stars, stellar evolution;
galaxies and cosmology.Satisfies G.E. area B1.(Lecture, 3 hours)(Fall, Spring)
(1 Unit) Telescope observations of the moon, planets, their satellites, and
sunspots. Laboratory experiments related to astronomy.Satisfies G.E. area B1.Prerequisites: ASTR 2100 or concurrent enrollment in ASTR 2100.
(3 Units) A survey of recent developments in astronomy; gamma ray, x-ray,
ultraviolet, infrared, and gravitational astronomy; stars,
interstellar molecules, stellar evolutions, neutron stars, pulsars,
and black holes; galaxies, radio galaxies, quasars; new trends in
cosmological thinking, new findings of space programs about the
planets and the sun.Satisfies G.E. area F1.Prerequisites: Upper-division standing or consent of instructor.(Lecture, 3 hours)
(2 Units) Theory of the photographic process; astrophotography of the moon, planets, star clusters and galaxies; photographic photometry; reduction of photographic data.(Lecture, 1 hour; activity, 2 hours)
(3 Units) Introduction to basic biological phenomena common to all living
organisms. Cellular and molecular levels of organization, genetics,
and the mechanisms of heredity in organic evolution, environmental
associations, structure as it relates to function, and reproduction
from the molecular to gross structural levels.Satisfies G.E. area B2.(Lecture, 3 hours)(Fall, Winter, Spring)
(1 Unit) Basic laboratory and/or field studies in various biological areas.(Topics to be specified in Class Schedule)Satisfies laboratory requirement in natural sciences. Different topics can be taken for credit under this number, but may be taken only once for GE credit. Satisfies G.E. area B2.Prerequisites: BIOL 1010 or concurrent enrollment.(Laboratory, 3 hours)(Fall, Winter, Spring)
(3 Units) Basic concepts of human genetics will be covered including
inheritance patterns of traits, genetic diseases, chromosome
aberrations, prenatal diagnosis, the Human Genome Project, and
evolutionary genetics. Emphasis will be placed on DNA technology as
it relates to current genetic issues.This course will not meet the upper-division genetics requirement, nor may it be used as an elective for the genetics concentration.Satisfies G.E. area B2.(Lecture, 3 hours)(Fall, Spring)
(3 Units) Basic ecological concepts as they apply to present-day resource
management and human environmental problems, including wildlife,
forest, soil, water, air, and mineral resources. Ecological aspects
of air and water pollution, human population growth, pesticide use,
and energy consumption.Satisfies G.E. area B2.(Lecture, 3 hours)(Fall, Winter, Spring)
(3 Units) Consideration of different topics of biology that are currently in the forefront of research and public awareness. Emphasis is on further development of biological principles learned in lower-division general education courses in natural sciences and in preparing people to deal with questions and decisions relating to biological developments affecting their lives. Topics vary from semester to semester but may include genetic engineering, ecology, cancer research, agricultural developments, disease treatment and control, wildlife and endangered species.May also be used to count towards electives in the major.Satisfies G.E. area F1.Prerequisites: Junior standing.(Lecture, 3 hours)(Fall, Spring)
(3 Units) An introduction to organic evolution for students unacquainted with the subject. Its implications extend far beyond the confines of biology, ramifying into all phases of human life and activity.May also be used to count towards electives in the major.Satisfies G.E. area F1.Prerequisites: Junior standing.(Lecture, 3 hours)(Fall, Winter)
(3 Units) Techniques of illustrating to include rough drafts and pencil drawings, ink renderings, graphs, maps, lettering, etc., with emphasis placed on biological materials.Prerequisites: Consent of instructor.(Lecture, 2 hours; activity, 3 hours)(Spring)
(3 Units) Basic concepts of cellular phenomena dealt with at the molecular
level of organization.Prerequisites: BOTY 1050, ZOOL 1050, CHEM 1100, 1110, or equivalent.(Lecture, 3 hours)(Fall, Spring)
(3 Units) Introduction to classical, molecular, and population genetics.
Modern applications including genetic engineering and biotechnology
will be discussed.Prerequisites: BOTY 1050, ZOOL 1050, CHEM 1100, 1110, or equivalent.(Lecture, 3 hours)(Fall, Spring)
(3 Units) The relation between geological history, environment, and the
distribution and abundance of living organisms. Includes topics on
island biogeography, speciation, extinction, and dispersal.Prerequisites: ZOOL 1050 and BOTY 1050 or consent of instructor.(Lecture, 3 hours)
BIOL 4010 - Research and Technical Writing in Biology (WP)
(3 Units) Introduction to bibliographic research, design/interpretation of experiments, statistical testing of results, and preparation of technical reports in biology.Satisfies upper-division writing proficiency requirement.Prerequisites: Completion of the Writing Proficiency Screening Test with a passing score, BOTY 1050, ZOOL 1050, ENGL 1001, 1002, or 1005, and junior standing or consent of instructor (written communication).(Lecture, 2 hours; laboratory, 3 hours)(Fall)
(3 Units) The study of biological principles of genetic engineering/biotechnology, physiology/medicine, and/or environmental biology to enable students to make informed decisions in their lives.Designed specifically for future teachers. (LIBS Integrative: Scientific/Mathematical Inquiry)Prerequisites: General Education areas B and F1.(Lecture 2 hours; laboratory 3 hours; field trips)
(3 Units) Examine how human activities alter the structure and function of
ecosystems using local through international examples. Emphasis on
the integration of ecosystems components, and roles of science,
economic, and social forces in determining policy affecting
ecosystems.Satisfies G.E. area F1.Prerequisites: Junior standing and completion of G.E. area B.
(3 Units) Introduction to the basic concepts and principles of acquired and
innate immunity as they relate to the human body.Prerequisites: BIOL 3310 or BIOL 3350 or MBIO 3010 or CHEM 4400, or consent of instructor.
(2 Units) Interactive introduction to the history and basic fundamentals of epidemiology including general uses, methods, and applications.Prerequisites: One of the following: MBIO 3010, BIOL 3310, BIOL 3350, ZOOL 4440, CHEM 4400, or consent of instructor.(Lecture, 1 hour; activity, 2 hours)
(3 Units) Analysis of ecological patterns and mechanisms of agroecosystems, with emphasis on biodiversity linkages operating between plants, pests, and natural enemies. Topics include environmental and health impacts of genetically engineered plants, pesticide resistance, and critical assessments of integrated pest management, biological control, and sustainability. Case studies from temperate, tropical, and subtropical zones are included to illustrate working examples of ecorational approaches to agriculture.Prerequisites: ZOOL 1050 and BOTY 1050 or equivalents, or consent of instructor.
(Winter)
(3 Units) Current issues in conservation biology, including conservation
methods and factors leading to loss of biodiversity.(Formerly BIOL 3300)Prerequisites: ZOOL 1050 and BOTY 1050 or consent of instructor.(Lecture, 3 hours)
(3 Units) A basic introduction to human genetics and explorations into the
technological and ethical aspects of current controversial genetics
issues.Satisfies G.E. area F1.Prerequisites: Completion of G.E. area B, junior standing.
(3 Units) Mechanisms and patterns of evolutionary change in populations and species, from molecular to geographical, over recent and geologic time scales.Prerequisites: BIOL 3350.(Lecture, 3 hours)(Spring, Fall)
(4 Units) A practical, hands-on introduction to experimental methods, population models, and ecological statistics used by conservation biologists and environmental scientists. Topics will include principles and procedures of experimental design, randomization tests, sampling methods, life tables, survival estimation, population and landscape models, capture-recapture, meta-analysis, spatial analysis, niche metrics, and community characterization.Prerequisites: BIOL 4680.(Lecture, 3 hours; laboratory, 3 hours)(Winter)
(3 Units) An in-depth exploration of fundamental concepts and processes of
science from the perspective of environmental biology. Scientific
concepts and processes will be examined through readings,
discussions, and activities centered on common phenomena of living
systems and prominent local and international environmental issues.Designed specifically for future teachers. (LIBS Integrative: Science/Mathematical Inquiry)Prerequisites: Completion of all math and science requirements in the Liberal Studies major sections A and B and upper-division G.E. area F1 with a grade C- or better.(Lecture, 3 hours)
(4 Units) Study of marine communities with emphasis on local communities. Ecology and natural history of plants and animals, and their adaptation to marine environments are stressed.(Formerly Marine Biology)Satisfies ecology elective for the major.Prerequisites: ZOOL 4420, 4430, or BOTY 3130, or consent of instructor.(Lecture, 3 hours; laboratory, 3 hours; field trips)(Spring)
(4 Units) The biota of fresh water with emphasis on the ecology, identification, physiology, and behavior of aquatic organisms.Satisfies the ecology elective for the major.Prerequisites: BOTY 1050, ZOOL 1050, and CHEM 1100, 1110, or equivalent.(Lecture, 3 hours; laboratory, 3 hours; field trips)(Spring)
(4 Units) Basic interrelationships of plants and animals within their physical environments.Satisfies the ecology elective for the major.Prerequisites: BOTY 1050, ZOOL 1050, and MATH 1600 or 1410 or equivalents.(Lecture, 3 hours; laboratory, 3 hours; field trips)(Fall)
(3 Units) Study of ecology of invasive species and their effects on other
organisms and ecosystems.(formerly Ecology and Exotic Species)Prerequisites: BOTY 1050 and ZOOL 1050 or consent of instructor.(Lecture, 3 hours)(Winter)
(4 Units) Field studies of marine rocky intertidal areas of the Central California coastline with in-class data analysis and presentations.Class time variable. Multi-day field trips required.Prerequisites: BOTY 1050 and ZOOL 1050 or equivalent, and consent of instructor.(Lecture, 3 hours; laboratory, 3 hours)(Winter)
(4 Units) Observations of deep sea animals, data analysis, and student presentations from deep sea studies.Prerequisites: BOTY 1050, ZOOL 1050, and consent of instructor.(Lecture, 3 hours; laboratory, 3 hours)(Winter)
(3 Units) Focuses on clinical aspects of human genetics with an emphasis on
symptoms, detection, and treatment of various human disorders that
have chromosomal, single gene, or multifactorial origin. Genetic
counseling and medical ethics are discussed.(Formerly Cytogenetics)Prerequisites: BIOL 3350.(Lecture, 3 hours)
(2 Units) Basic concepts of evolutionary theory and population genetics.
Emphasis upon the processes and mechanisms of evolution through
genetic changes in populations.Prerequisites: BIOL 3350.(Lecture, 2 hours)(Fall)
